Gun Control Essays - Gun Politics, Firearms, Gun Control

Weapon Control Essays - Gun Politics, Firearms, Gun Control Firearm Control Firearm control isn't about weapons its about control. Laws that disallow the conveying of arms. incapacitate just the individuals who are neither slanted nor resolved to perpetrate violations. Such laws exacerbate the situation for the ambushed and better for the aggressors, they serve preferably to urge over to forestall crimes, for an unarmed man might be assaulted with more noteworthy certainty than a furnished man. This is the reason that a broadly known association, the NRA remains behind. They accept that our ancestors incorporated the second revision for a reason. That reason for existing is similarly as significant today as it was in the times of. The intention is to permit the person to shield his opportunity. There are various reasons why this opportunity should be ensured. The main and most significant is to keep the independence of the American individuals from getting constrained by the Government. Administrative Issues Only sixty years back Hitler removed the privilege s of Jews in Germany to remain battle ready. Around then it appear as though it was being accomplished for the improvement of society. History has mentioned to us what followed. Removing people groups capacities to protect themselves is the least demanding approach to oppress, subjugate or annihilate them. Commonly an over enthusiastic government takes activities that can't be advocated. A genuine case of this is the Ruby Ridge Incident, where a keeps an eye on spouse and child were slaughtered over a minor gun offense. A few States have authorized their own laws. Florida has so anyone might hear its residents to convey a disguised weapon. Since this law was established the homicide rate has dropped by 29%. Over a similar timeframe the across the country murder rate expanded by 11%. This unmistakably shows firearms in the possession of honest residents can forestall wrongdoing. Conversely a significant number of our nations significant urban communities have prohibited all firearms. In 1976 firearms were restricted in Washington DC. From that point forward the homicide rate has increased 200%. As per a CBS survey, 64% of Americans legitimately comprehend and don't accept weapon control laws diminish wrongdoing in any case. History has demonstrated that each country, which has incapacitated its populace, has wound up with a despot, a police state, and with innumerable loathsome monstrosities. The facts demonstrate that we either gain from history or history will rehash itself. Individual Protection Not just is it our entitlement to claim weapons for insurance against a tyrannical government, yet in addition against the individuals who expect to encroach on the people groups security. The hoodlums couldn't care less about firearm control laws for themselves. All things considered, they are seeking after more laws will go for weapon control. It makes overstepping the law more secure and simpler for them. A typical conviction is that individuals needn't bother wit h firearms since we have the police to ensure us. Much of the time the police ca not ensure you. Most importantly on the off chance that you were associated with a wrongdoing you would not have the opportunity to call the police. Also regardless of whether you could call the police they presumably would not show up in time. Ultimately if the police show up in time, they are not so anyone might hear to utilize their weapons except if they get the criminal in the demonstration. On the off chance that the administration were to boycott weapons today, the individuals who might turn in their firearms would be the honest residents. The hoodlums would at present have their weapons. There are numerous individuals who contend that firearms in the home make mishaps and youngsters are executed. The fact of the matter is there are four fold the number of youngsters that are murdered in mishaps with bicycles than with weapons. Pool mishaps guarantee multiple times more little children. The count er weapon activists utilize any firearm related disaster to advance the counter weapon plan. The explanation that firearms appear to be so awful is that when anything awful happens you see it on TV. You will never observe the news media report an episode where a firearm helped spare an individual or repulse a savage assault. Firing Sports Guns have been engaged with our nations legacy since before its origination. In certain families chasing and firearm gathering is a custom that has been passed on for ages. While we needn't bother with firearms to put supper on our table, the game of chasing has been a

Project Methodology Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Project Methodology and Role. Answer: Definition: An undertaking system is the assortment of practices, methods, strategies, and rules utilized by the specialists while chipping away at the control. Venture administrator utilizes techniques for giving structure and the system to the conveyed extends by utilizing standards, system, subjects, principles, and procedures (Obrutsky, 2016). Job of undertaking approach: The goal of the venture system is to plan an advancement procedure which is sensible, adaptable, far reaching, and available. Theproject the board approach fills in as a benefit for the undertaking chief for assessing the task objective and expectations (Karaman Kurt, 2015). The technique is the medium which gives a typical stage to correspondence and introduction of the venture. It helps in empowering the arranging procedure for beginning the work. The activities can be effectively overseen by utilizing pre-decided measurements and detailing instruments. The various leveled structure ofproject the board is appeared in the figure underneath: Sorts of procedures: Conventional methodology: Theproject the executives procedure incorporates a progression of steps which incorporates inception, arranging, execution, controlling, testing and approval, and usage. It is otherwise called cascade system. PMBOK direct: Project the executives assortment of information fills in as a methodological methodology for usage of various advances remembered for the progression of procedure model, for example, arranging, execution, control, and end of the task (Fitsilis, 2014). Prince2: Prince2 represents venture in controlled condition which is utilized for process driven strategies and the methodologies applied in the private segment. Lithe strategy: It is the technique which follows adaptability, building procedure, and iterative plan for dealing with the task. The pre-arranging process is incorporated structure dealing with the changing prerequisite of the customer. SDLC: The SDLC is the procedure philosophy which chips away at improving the quality, conveyance of the item, and the prerequisites of the item. The venture is overseen by prerequisites recognizable proof, adjusting requirements of the partners, desires, and the dangers related with the partners. PMBOK and PRINCE2 are the favored philosophies by venture directors. The two strategies are like each other in regard of their ID of the prerequisite, cooperation of the clients, improvement of group relationship, and joining of the partner. The emphasis is given on the quality administration and hazard distinguishing proof in both the procedures (Ghosh, 2012). The table shows the contrast between the two philosophies in a nutshell: Points of interest Prince2 PMBOK Procedure Beginning of the task Starting of the task Course given to the task Controlling the stages The executives of the item conveyance The executives of the state limit Conclusion of the venture Starting Arranging Starting Executing, controlling and observing Executing and arranging Arranging and shutting Shutting Standards Standards followed No standards followed Complete or down to earth It is pragmatic in nature It is complete in nature Concentrate on Concentrate given on business case Concentrate given on clients Elements Incompletely incorporation with natural and hierarchical components Firmly incorporation with natural and authoritative variables (Vieira, 2014) Case The business case ought to be checked on intermittently Business case ought to be persistently engaged Association Dynamic investment of partner and human asset Money related, human asset, quality, and other administration includes Quality No contribution of value the executives Inclusion of value the board Plan Inception of arranging process Extension, cost, and time the board Hazard Recognizable proof of the dangers The executives of the dangers The executives of combination Halfway engaged Emphatically engaged Correspondence Halfway engaged Emphatically engaged Acquirement Halfway engaged Emphatically engaged Partner Halfway cooperation Dynamic investment Task life cycle and picked systems: There are seven procedures associated with the prince2 system for finishing the undertaking life cycle. The venture detail up includes the collection of the task group for arranging of undertaking inception. The starting of the task includes concentrating on the business case and the dangers related with it. The arrangement of approval includes in the coordinating the conclusion of the task. The stages are constrained by overseeing issues. The conveyance and upkeep of the item centers around the execution of the working bundle. The PMBOK takes a shot at five procedures for finishing the venture life cycle which are named as starting, arranging, executing, checking, and controlling and shutting. The information zones which are remembered for venture life cycle by utilizing PMBOK are reconciliation, scope, quality, time, cost, human asset, dangers, acquisition, and partner. The accompanying figure shows the relationship of PRINCE2 and PMBOK with Project life cycle. End: The PMBOK is unequivocally favored by the venture supervisor for dealing with the undertaking. The PMBOK fill in as a guide for arranging, sorting out, staffing, and other useful territories of venture the executives. References: Fitsilis, P. (2014).Comparing PMBOK and coordinated task the executives programming advancement process. Recovered from https://www.academia.edu/2953419/Comparing_PMBOK_and_Agile_Project_Management_software_development_processes Ghosh, S. (2012).Enhance PMBOK by contrasting it and PRINCE2 and P2M gauges. Recovered from https://pmkb.com.br/transfers/2013/08/95598999-Comparison-of-PM-Frameworks.pdf Karaman, E., Kurt, M. (2015). Examination of venture the executives philosophies: Prince 2 versus PMBOK for its project.International diary of applied science and designing exploration. Recovered from https://www.ijaser.com/articles/vol4issue42015/vol4issue4/JASER4059.pdf Obrutsky, S. (2016).Comparison and complexity of venture the executives techniques. Recovered from https://www.researchgate.net/distribution/305969672_Comparison_and_contrast_of_project_management_methodologies_PMBOK_and_SCRUM Vieira, D. (2014).Integrating PMBOK gauges, lean and deft techniques in venture the executives exercises. Recovered from https://research.ijcaonline.org/volume88/number4/pxc3893680.pdf

Hint of fall

Hint of fall Last week was MIT in Hard mode. Psets, a midterm, papers, interviews, presentations, you name it. Plus basketball practices started Monday. My Google calendar was a solid block of commitments from ~8-8, and the remaining hours were spent in meetings, labs, and libraries, trying not to get smashed by said commitments. Anyway. Ive slept an inordinate amount this weekend and finally feel ready to rejoin society. Today I woke up and looked out my window and saw some pretty trees. Thus began an afternoon solo adventure to see all. of. the. pretty. trees. Through a combination of biking and walking, I traveled through God-knows-where in Cambridge and Boston, looking for any and all signs of fall. My only directive was to maximize the number of trees I saw, and the only constraint was the location of BlueBike stations (BlueBikes are shared bikes that you can find at stations all around the city. You get to check them out for 30 mins at a time before you need to find a station to check in). This general lack of planning and direction at one point led to me being  lost and cold on an overpass above the Mass Turnpike, with the skyline of downtown fading into the horizon. Other than that, it was a successful trek. This is my 4th year here and Ive never actively sought out fall leaves. Its still a bit early for the Full New England Autumn Experience, but some parts of campus are already very fall-y . For example, the trees in the Z Center parking lot are more beautiful than parking lot trees have the right to be. From here, I grabbed a bike and headed across campus to the Dome, with every other tourist in Boston. The big trees on Killian are still predominately green, but one in particular has decided to be yellow. Next up was the river, my favorite part of Boston. These are the trees I can see from my dorm window. Theyre just starting to turn, so every shade of green, yellow, orange, and red is present. I forgot the Head of the Charles is this weekend! The HOTC is a huge crew regatta and the Charles was full of boats. I had no idea what was going on, but everyone seemed pretty fast. More leaves spotted in a park along the river. Id already seen some city trees and river trees, so I turned off into the heart of Cambridge to find some residential trees. For whatever reason, they were mostly yellow. Im still unclear how I ended up at Harvard, but there I was. There were some okay-ish trees there, definitely nothing close to the MIT ones though. I found the Head of the Head of the Charles! There was a street fair and a lot of people eating fried food and watching the regatta. This is the exact moment that I made a critical mistake. I stood on a footbridge to watch the crew teams for a while, and then crossed the river to find another BlueBike station. A long, convoluted walk through an unfamiliar area eventually led to a bike station, which just meant I could take wrong turns more quickly. Suddenly I was far, far from home. There are no pictures from this era because I cold and lost somewhere in downtown Allston neighborhood (which is actually a lovely place that I had no idea existed). I eventually found my way back by walking in the direction of the Prudential Center, which was visible off in the distance. Im now back safely in my room with the view that started it all: Ive concluded that, a) its officially cold out, b) its still a tad early to frolic in the fall foliage, c) theres a lot of Boston left to explore before I graduate, and d) I should do this more often. Post Tagged #photography #Senior Fall

Sociology Marriage and Divorce Essay - 1885 Words

Sociology – Family Unit – Marriage and Divorce Most people argue that the family is in ‘crisis’. They point to the rapidly increasing divorce rate, cohabitation, illegitimacy and number of single parent families. What is happening to Marriage? Marriage has increased in popularity, reaching a peak in 1971. Since then there has been a significant decline in the number of marriages, from 459000 in 1971 to 250000 in 2001. There is a decline in first marriages where neither partner has been married before. But there is a growing number of remarriages, in which one or both partners have been divorced; these marriages constitute 15% of all marriages in 1971 and 40% in 1996. The average age at which people first marry has steadily increased†¦show more content†¦Taken as a whole young British Asians have more choice and say than previous generations. Their current situation is probably not dramatically different from that of young no-Asian adults who, while choosing their marital partners on the basis of romantic love, often marry people very similar to themselves in terms of background factors such as social class and educational qualifications. Parental influence may be less direct than in an arranged marriage, but parents can show disapproval on ‘inappropriate’ boyfriends or girlfriends. What are the Patterns in Divorce? From 1971 to 1996 the number of divorces has more than doubled. In 1991 there were 350000 marriages but 171000 divorces meaning that there were nearly half as many divorces as marriages. The proportion of marriages, which are remarriages, has also been rising, for example 15% of all marriages in 1961 were re-marriages for one or both partners; by 1991 this figure has risen to 36%. Britain has the highest divorce rate in Europe according to official EU statistics (Eurostat, June 2001). Each year, 2.7 people per thousand of the population get divorced in Britain compared with the EU average of 1.8 per thousand. Who Divorces? Young spouses and young marriages are most at risk. A person’s age at marriage is strongly associated with the likelihood of divorce. Generally speaking, the older people are when they marry, the less chance they have ofShow MoreRelatedDivorce And Its Definition Of Marriage978 Words   |  4 PagesMarriage is ending often in divorce due to marrying young, the expectations placed on it, living together before marriage, and women’s independence. In this research paper, I will be discussing divorce and its definition. I will also discuss what sociologist theorists are saying regarding divorce in the research that I’ve read and reviewed. It is interesting to see how the reason for divorce continues to change but as society sees fit with their definition of marriage, divorce, and even whatRead MoreDivorce And Its Effect On Children902 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept of divorce is entrenched in the very idea of marriage. The possibility of marriages breaking down ha s increased considerably with some statistics placing the rate at 50% of all marriages. Divorce is a legal term that represents the separation of two people who had previously entered into a marriage agreement. While the prevalence of divorce is astonishing, the effect these instances have on families is critical. Many of the people who are divorced have children, whom the divorce affects considerablyRead MoreRecent Changes in British Society and Greater Diversity of Family Types1379 Words   |  6 PagesBritish Society and Greater Diversity of Family Types Recent changes in British society have led to a greater diversity of family types, Some writers have argued that traditional family life is disappearing in Britain Moore, 1987, Sociology alive. Most people seem to view the traditional family as a married male and female with dependant children, however family types today may include one parent families, same sex families, unmarried parents who co habit and most popularlyRead MoreArticle Review On The Divorce Rate Of Male Sociologists1241 Words   |  5 PagesArticle Review The article Divorce Among Sociologists Married to Sociologists u explores the divorce rate of male sociologists. No actual hypothesis was formulated due to the fact that the authors *stumbled upon a correlation while doing a study on religious apostasy and divorce. The data were obtained using a mailed questionnaire. The questionnaires were sent out randomly to 760 members of the American Sociological Association, the data were specifically formed by analyzing the 334 (out of 353)Read MoreChanges from the 1960s1143 Words   |  5 Pagessocial and political movements that were happening. The feminist movement started to make changes for women, in the work place and for their roles at home were changing. Divorce was starting to lose its social stigma â€Å"The idea of a lifelong marriage blessed by God is clearly less significant† (). The law was changing, â€Å"the divorce reform act 1969 replaced blame with irretrievable breakdown† () My perspective on the 1960s is that a Marxist theory is one that can relate to the time, as people wereRead MoreEssay on Sociology on Marriage1621 Words   |  7 Pages12/2/2010 Sociology Final Paper Marriage and Family The simplest and most basic foundation of a sociological civilization or group begins at the core center of sociology; which is marriage and the inner-fabric creation of a family. It is said that matches are made in heaven, however finding and defining your â€Å"soul mate† differs from one social group to the next. The social institution of marriage changes and adapts consistently through time, religious practice, and national beliefsRead MoreHigh Divorce Rates1163 Words   |  5 PagesWhy is the Divorce Rate So High? Intro to Sociology April 25, 2006 A question that has been plaguing sociologists for years is the issue of high divorce rates. Since the 80s there has been an extremely high rate of divorce in our country. In statistics I found from 2004 the percentage of divorce was at 47(NCHS). This question has been studied vigorously, sociologist have looked in every direction for one solid reason that our divorce rate is so high, even compared to other developed countriesRead MoreEssay about sociology and the family1732 Words   |  7 Pageswhen discussing the variety of family and household types. You will be required to reference your work throughout and produce a correct and current bibliography to demonstrate that you have used different sources to obtain your information. Sociology and the Family The Nuclear Family generally consists of a Mother, a Father and at least 1 child, this image of a family is thought to of come about at the time of the Industrial Revolution. (Willmott and Young) believe that an increase in theRead MoreNegative Effects of Divorce on Children Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesNegative Effects of Divorce on Children Divorce has a strong negative effect on children. The children are brought into the family and then ripped out of what they know is right or of their norms. James M. Henslin defines the family as being two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption (445). When married you are instantaneously put into a family. When two people decide to get a divorce, their children do not wholly understand what is going on. RegardlessRead MoreSociological Explanations For The Divorce Phenomenon1154 Words   |  5 PagesA major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the

Analysis Of The Book The Lady With The Dog - 1566 Words

Happiness is not something that can be attained through wealth, fame, or power; those are merely an elision that is clouding people s perspective of their own definition of happiness. While some believe that it s not achievable through that method, remember this, those people are not truly happy, they are where they are by deceiving themselves and the people around them. In the short story of The Lady With The Dog by Anton Chekhov, the main character illustrates a similar situation where Dmitri Gurov believed that he has found his happiness when he met Anna, the lady with the dog. On the other hand, the essay â€Å"We Have No Right To Happiness† by C.S. Lewis, states, as the title suggest, that people have no right to attain happiness.†¦show more content†¦Perhaps the feeling that he gets from his wife is what drives him to be that way to other women. His wife is an intelligent and smart woman, yet Dmitri does not think so. The feelings he has toward his wife are what made him be who he is, for â€Å"he secretly considered her unintelligent, narrow, inelegant...† and â€Å"...was afraid of her and did not like to be at home.† Additionally, that discomfort that he feel at home and around his wife has caused him to be unhappy, whereby Goetz believes that â€Å"Happiness is composed of pleasure that can and should accompany virtuous activity†(288). If there is no pleasure in their relationship there is no happiness, so Dmitri thought outside of the box and went to other women for affection and pleasure. As Lewis said in his essay, â€Å"one of the rights of man is the rights of happiness,† yet what draws Dmitri from his happiness is his wife (318). Lewis states that a person has the right to look for his happiness in the world. Perhaps if Dmitri’s wife were a little more sincere to him and his feeli ngs he would not have had to lean to have affairs, to begin with. The point is his wife is the cause of his unhappiness, where he had no opportunity to be happy, and so why bare her attitude toward Dmitri. Happiness is not something that naturally comes to a person, it might appear to be, but the truth of the matter is that happiness comes through any lawful means. A person can be partlyShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of A Checklist Assessment1538 Words   |  7 Pages2014, p. 31). The interactionist perspective also focuses on a child’s sociocultural interaction. The teacher is reading a book aloud to children. She is engaging in conversation with children as she reads aloud to them. The children communicate back to her by answering questions and she is having them participate in using hand and leg gestures to demonstrate parts of the book she is reading. Social interaction plays a big role in this theory. The teacher is demonstrating that by reading aloud toRead MoreIrresponsib le Love in Anton Chekhov’s The Lady with the Dog1797 Words   |  8 Pages Anton Chekhov’s The Lady with the Pet Dog can be said to be one of the most controversial fictions in the way it the extramarital affairs and the mystery of love that plagues the 21st century families. By the use of imaginary characters, Chekhov explores the theme of immorality and irresponsible behaviors among married couples who seek real satisfaction in secrete yet intimate relationships with other married partners. Whereas the likes of Gurov poses as the spoilt seed of the collapsing societyRead MoreThe Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time Analysis Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesIreneo Sanchez The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time theme analysis essay. The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night time, a novel written by English novelist Mark Haddon is a novel that revolves around the adventure of Christopher Boone and his effort to solve the mystery of the murder of Wellington. The novel presents the theme of difference by the use of traditional narrative conventions. The conventions includes characterization of Christopher,the use of language in the novelRead MorePichelman vs. Barfknecht Essay770 Words   |  4 Pagesowner. Section 895.52 of Wisconsin law also provides property owners with immunity from liability to anyone injured by a person engaging in recreational activity regardless of whether the injured person was also engaged in recreational activity. Analysis: The statute 895.52 provides immunity from liability for any owners of wild animals causing injuries on their property, however, it is questionable as to whether the raccoon is really considered a wild animal simply because other members of its speciesRead MoreA New World With New Rules939 Words   |  4 Pagesemotions and get people connected. Being personally connected is the differentiation you need. Think about the book series, Chicken Soup for the Soul. It is just a compilation of short stories about real life. It’s also the best selling book series of all time. But, what if instead of telling a heart wrenching story about a paraplegic who learns to walk again and fights all odds to win a dog sled race in the Antarctic all alone, it was just a series of facts like: â€Å"Man rides sled across the snow.† OneRead MoreReview Of The Lady With The Toy Dog 1134 Words   |  5 Pages The thought that a fictitious movie like Twilight is actually affecting women seems almost bizarre. You may wonder how it’s even possible that we can be so easily influenced by what some consider an â€Å"aimless series of vampire books†. However, it’s a proven fact that our brains react to fiction tales and they can indeed impact us in ways we could only imagine. A study was done in 2009 at the University of Toronto in Canada testing the hypothesis that art can cause significant changes in the experienceRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1205 Words   |  5 Pagesand having a bad husband, Curley’s Wife feels displeased. Curley’s Wife’s first real shot at the movies was when she was recognized by an actor. â€Å"Well, a show come through, an I met one of the actors. He says I could go with that show. But my ol lady wouldn let me. She says because I was on y fifteen. But the guy says I coulda. If I d went, I wouldn t be livin like this, you bet† (34). Ever since her mother denied her the type of attention she desired in the first place, cinematic fame,Read MoreDoes Fiction Build the Morality of Individuals and Societies, or Does It Break It Down?947 Words   |  4 Pages† -Tim OBrien It is undeniable that fiction has had the power to influence society in the past. History tells, for if you were to go back far enough, you would be able to find evidence of many book burnings having taken place. Consider the book burnings which took place under Hitler’s reign. These books being written commonly by Jews, were usually regarded as being pacifist or against the war and concerned with new educational methods and intellectual opinion. Such destruction would never have takenRead MorePertelote is Much More Than a Mere Hen: How Far Do You Agree With This?1511 Words   |  7 Pagessociety, which leaves in no doubt that Pertelote must be much more than a mere hen. Such words as gentil, governaunce, plesaunce, paramours and the description of Pertelote are appropriate to a romance description of aristocratic lords and ladies. This introduces the theme of courtly love as Chauntecleer and Pertelote behave as noble lovers, whose formality of address and behaviour towards each other demonstrates the nobility of their love. However the narrator does not let the readers forgetRead MoreBook Report/Character Analysis on the Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights by John Steinbeck5483 Words   |  22 Pages------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- By John Steinbeck ------------------------------------------------- Part One: Plot The first section of the book is entitled Merlin. The story begins by telling how Arthur came to be born and then flows into the life of Arthur. When Arthur is in his earlier years, God brings about a sword driven into an anvil set in stone. The gold writing on the stone claims

Portia the Control Freak †Merchant of Venice Free Essays

I would love to write a critical essay about the role of Portia in Shakespeare’s â€Å"Merchant of Venice,† hailing her as one of Shakespeare’s greatest contributions to the society of the sane; however, I find this impossible after re-reading the text. At first, I hung on her every word and was amazed at her wit, but later I found her to be just another Shakespearean psycho. Basically, I understood Portia to be nothing less than an obedient daughter obeying the whims of her dead, over-protective father. We will write a custom essay sample on Portia the Control Freak – Merchant of Venice or any similar topic only for you Order Now She speaks in terms of respect about the coffin ritual, and the reader believes her to be sincere. Later as her character s unfolded, the reader sees a wife in love with the husband who was wise enough to earn her love (and consequently her fortune! ). Beware, gentle reader! Do not fall under the spell of Portia the control freak! The following scenerios must be proof that this woman is not to be trusted! First of all, let’s evaluate the scene where Portia and Bassanio are before the caskets where Bassanio must make his choice. The dialogue directly preceeding the finding of the casket is basic lover’s speech, but wait! Listen carefully to what Portia says: â€Å"If you do love me, you will find me out† (III ii 41). Portia leads Bassanio to elieve that the choice he makes in the caskets is his own. She leads the reader to believe that Bassanio’s love for her is the only force which leads to the discovery of the correct casket. However, earlier when Portia is speaking of the preparations for the casket choice, she speaks of music which is to be played while Bassanio makes his choice. Ok, this seems innocent enough; but examine the song–the first two lines of the song rhyme with lead! It doesn’t take long for the subliminal message to be absorbed in Bassanio’s brain, and the lead casket is chosen. This manipulative device is an indication to me that Portia has a need to make things go her way. She is afraid that Bassanio will make the wrong choice, and therefore assists him. Point #2. Portia creates a way of controlling the future of the relationship between herself and Bassanio. Portia gives Bassanio a ring with the words, â€Å"I give you this ring, which when you part from, lose, or give away, / Let it presage the ruin of your love†. Of course, Bassanio gives away the ring first chance he gets. Portia later makes known that the man he gave the ring to was her, and she proceeds to scold Bassanio for his lack of love. Bassanio is trapped! No matter hat he does for the rest of their relationship, in his mind will remain the idea that Portia is watching! This is a clever device invented by Mr. Shakespeare; however, it does display a certain obsessive, manipulative air about Portia. Hmmmmm†¦. Lastly, I would like to take a venture. I was wondering earlier while reading the â€Å"Merchant of Venice† why Shakespeare used the doppel- ganger technique in his presentation of Nerissa and Portia. Nerissa follows Portia about and makes the same decisions Portia does. Nerissa is not as bright as Portia, and yet she meets the same ultimate fate as Portia. I am wondering if Shakespeare could have used Nerissa to point out the manipulative characteristics of Portia. It is true that one way that manipulative people feed is through weaker people who uphold them and their values. If anyone has any insight on this thought, let me know! Well, there you have it. My true feelings on Portia. Sure she is to be admired in some aspects, but perhaps as all great archetypes she has her foibles and faults. If anyone finds anything about the aforementioned aspects of Portia’s character, please let me know. I have had not luck finding Anything about Portia on the web. Thanks. How to cite Portia the Control Freak – Merchant of Venice, Essay examples

Bennets The Executioner Essay Example For Students

Bennets: The Executioner Essay Bennets: The Executioner I am the executioner. When the crime is committed and the Lord Goddoes not take vengeance nor does the exalted State move to declare and thento punish, I say when these bitter events happen, then comes the time forthe executioner to declare himself or herself as the case may be. I havewaited long enough. So the time has come, and I declare myself the executioner. The three criminals are hereby sentenced to death. By fire. By earth. By water. This is the direct and powerful quotes taken from the novel, TheExecutioner. It explains the basic plot of the story of the one word thatevery man fears: Revenge. The Executioner was written by the Canadian bornauthor, Jay Bennett. The strengths and weaknesses of this report will bediscussed in detail, and the plot of this murder, suspense, and horrorstory are revealed. The plot will be discussed, for easier comprehension ofthe story. This plot begins when Bruce , an 18 year old high school boy was at abar with his best friend Raymond, and a few other friends named Ed, andElaine. Unfortunately, Bruce got intoxicated, but still decided to drivethe others home from the bar. On the way home, Bruce began arguing withRay, (the only sober one), and the car was steered of the road into a tree. Raymond was killed by the accident. However, everyone thought that Brucewas not intoxcated at the time, and the car just accidentally swerved offto the side. Throughout the next chapters, Bruce keeps facing the guilt of killingRay, and tries to admit to everyone that he did. No one believes himthough, and thinks hes just making up the story to cover the guilt up. This carrries on for a while, and Bruce feels even more depressed. A fewdays later, a mysterious man, (the executioner) comes into the bank, andtakes out a letter (The one at the introduction of the review) and says,The first shall die by fire. The next thing the story shows is a scene in a building, where Ed andBruce are walking. All of a sudden, Ed is trapped in a room, which is seton fire. Bruce tries to recue him, but was too late. Ed died of smokeinhalation. Bruce knows the fire resulted from the killing of Ray. Thepolice however say the fire just started from a cigarette in a garbage can. The storys next scenario is at the bank again, where the executionerpulled out the paper, which said, The next shall die by water. Then, Bruce was discussing all the deaths with Elaine, who was in thecar when Ray was killed. Elaine then said she wanted to go sailing alone. Bruce insisted that she shouldnt, for she might get hurt. She ignored hisplead, and left for sea. The next morning, she was found dead. The policesaid it was by drowning from a cramp, but again, Bruce did not beleive it. At Elaine and Eds funeral, Bruce was walking around, and saw a strangeman dressed in a priests clothing. He approcahed the man, who said he wasReverend William Dunn. Dunn said that all the deaths were caused becausethe people did not repent. Bruce said he was mad, but the Reverend saidBruce was the one that was mad, and that if he didnt repent, he was doomedto end up the same way. Bruce ran off quickly. Two weeks later, Rays brother, Oliver came over. He talked to Bruceabout everything that was happening, and said to forget it, because none ofit was Bruces fault. He asked to be friends with Bruce, and Bruce agreed. The next thing they decided on was to find the executioner, (who they thinkis Reverend Dunn), and kill him. Bruce first talked to his father about theReverend, and his dad says that the reverend has been dead for 5 years now!Bruce was then more determined to solve this mysterious problem, and curehimself of his past. Oliver and Bruce go where they think the executioneris hiding, and wait there, armed with guns. Oliver tells Bruce to stayright there, while he goes and looks for the executioner. Bruce all of asudden hears a scream and runs to find out what it is. He enters the roomwhere the scream came from, and sees Oliver with a reverends mask andclothes on with a gun pointing to Bruces head. He directs Bruce to a pit,and throws him in. He says, The first died from fire, the second fromwater, and now you, the final death, by earth. As the executioner wasabout to shoot him, he heard a bang. The bullet of Bruces father hadpierced through the exectutioners head. It was all over. Titanium EssayBy earth. These two quotes show suspense, and make the reader wonder Whatwill happen next? One clue that Oliver gives to Bruce that shows he might be theexecutioner is when he says, Four indians in a car. And then there werenone. This signals to Bruce that he is the last person left alive in thatcar; soon he will be dead. It also gives the reader a clue as to wheter ornot Oliver might be the executioner. This again arises suspense. Bennett uses an interesting way to show the executioners motive to getrevenge. The first is by the quote stated at the beginning, saying thatWhen the crime is committed and the Lord God does not take vengeance, thencomes the time for someone to declare himself the executioner. At the endof the story, Oliver (the executioner) says some brilliant words that proveto be a very good strength in the story. This is his motive: He died because of his friendship for you. And now you talk of God. You killed him. And with that you killed me, too. My brother and I weregonna spend our lives together. We had such dreams. Such plans. To becomegreat archetects. You destroyed the dream. Now you talk of mercy. Theresno mercy in this life. There is justice, and there is execution. This was a clever way for Bennett to express the words of hate andrevenge in the story. Again it was another strength for the book. As with any book, there are weaknesses. Fortunately, Bennett managed tokeep them to a minimum, making the book much more enjoyable. The firstweakness is one that Jay Bennett manages to do in every one of his books. This being that he includes too much dialogue in the story, making itextremely confusing after a while. The reader seems to lose his or herplace some times because of it. An example is this conversation on page 64: Why do you do that, Ed? I dunno. Guess its just instinctive. Thats not a real reason. Yeah it is. And big deal if it isnt. No it isnt. I know it. So do you. Just drop it. Forget it. No. I dont want to.This always causes confusion among the reader, and proves to be one weakness. The other weakness happened to be in the dialouge. This was thatBennett used too much slang in the speech. He may have done it to suit theyounger readers, but others interperate as more confusion among the reader,and therefore a worse understanding of the book. One example was this quotetaken from the book: Goddamn that was good. Helluva night there, eh Bruce? Again thiscauses confusion among the reader, and also proves to be a weakness. Although there were a mere two weaknesses in the book, the book made anexcellent recovery by having over 10 strengths. Bennett managed grasp thequalities of suspense with great expertise. He mixed revenge and anger tocreate an award winning novel. All the strengths show the high standard ofa book. The length was reasonably short, so it did not bore the reader. Thesuspense was exhilarating, and so was the way the plot was laid out. Thegreat plot twist at the end showed exactly what Bennett is capable ofproducing. This was one of the best books written in a long time. Thisreview however cant display the books moments. It has to be read, notreviewed. Inside, Bennett also threw in a very important theme which is directedat teenagers. This being Dont drink and drive; a person might just losemore than their liscense. Maybe he should have added that the person alsohas to live with the guilt. for the rest of his life, and will pay forit, one way or another.

Advances in Research on Instruction essays

Advances in Research on Instruction essays After reading this article I decided that I would keep this and refer to it every time I felt that I was not reaching my students. I found it to be very helpful. I think that as we get older, we forget how children learn. We might even forget how we ourselves learn material. Everything comes so natural to us and we forget that we go through many different processes in order to understand new material. I thought back to some of the teachers I have had and I realized that the teachers whom I learned the most from followed the guidelines set forth in the article. With this, I found some very important key components to teaching material to children. They are presenting new information in small steps with cognitive strategies and lots of practice and review, providing help for student processing, and, helping students organize their knowledge, Presenting information in small steps seems so common sense; yet, people forget how crucial it is. All people remember information better when it is split into chunks and practiced before moving one to something else. For example, I feel that one of the reasons that some children dont like math is because they were not given enough time to understand the basic foundations. More than likely, they were taught a lesson, did the homework wrong, handed the homework in and before they even got their homework back, were taught a new lesson. The cycle would start all over again because the student had to understand the last lesson before they could do the next. Teaching in small steps will help the student and the teacher. The students gain a better understanding bigger, more complex information and the teacher can assess each student before moving on. This way the teacher can see exactly what step the child didnt process and re-teach it before its too late and the child is left behind. Helping students process information is just a ...

Exercise in Identifying Sentences by Structure

Exercise in Identifying Sentences by Structure In terms of structure, sentences can be classified in four ways: Simple: one independent clauseCompound: at least two independent clausesComplex: an independent clause and at least one dependent clauseCompound-complex: two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause This exercise will give you practice in identifying these four sentence structures. Instructions The sentences in this exercise have been adapted from poems in two books by Shel Silverstein: Where the Sidewalk Ends and Falling Up. Identify each of the following sentences as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. When youre done, compare your responses to the correct answers listed below. The name of the poem from which the example is taken is listed in parentheses after each sentence. I made an airplane out of stone. (Stone Airplane)I put a piece of cantaloupe underneath the microscope. (Nope)Oaties stay oaty, and Wheat Chex stay floaty, and nothing can take the puff out of Puffed Rice. (Cereal)While fishing in the blue lagoon, I caught a lovely silverfish. (The Silver Fish)They say if you step on a crack, you will break your mothers back. (Sidewalking)They just had a contest for scariest mask, and I was the wild and daring one who won the contest for scariest mask- and (sob) Im not even wearing one. (Best Mask?)My voice was raspy, rough, and cracked. (Little Hoarse)I opened my eyes and looked up at the rain, and it dripped in my head and flowed into my brain. (Rain)They say that once in Zanzibar a boy stuck out his tongue so far that it reached the heavens and touched a star, which burned him rather badly. (The Tongue Sticker-Outer)Im going to Camp Wonderful beside Lake Paradise across from Blissful Mountain in the Valley of the Nice. (Camp Wonderful) I joke with the bats and have intimate chats with the cooties who crawl through my hair (The Dirtiest Man in the World)The animals snarled and screeched and growled and whinnied and whimpered and hooted and howled and gobbled up the whole ice cream stand. (Ice Cream Stop)The antlers of a standing moose, as everybody knows, are just the perfect place to hang your wet and drippy clothes. (A Use for a Moose)Well walk with a walk that is measured and slow, and well go where the chalk-white arrows go. (Where the Sidewalk Ends)If I had a brontosaurus, I would name him Horace or Morris. (If I Had a Brontosaurus)I am writing these poems from inside a lion, and its rather dark in here. (Its Dark in Here)A piece of sky broke off and fell through the crack in the ceiling right into my soup. (Sky Seasoning)The grungy, grumpy, grouchy Giant grew tired of his frowny pout and hired me and Lee to lift the corners of his crumblin mouth. (The Smile Makers)If you were only one inch tall, youd ride a wo rm to school. (One Inch Tall) The traffic light simply would not turn green, so the people stopped to wait as the traffic rolled and the wind blew cold, and the hour grew dark and late. (Traffic Light) Answers simplesimplecompoundcomplexcomplexcompound-complexsimplecompoundcomplexsimplecomplexsimplecomplexcompound-complexcomplexcompoundsimplesimplecomplexcompound-complex

See requirements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

See requirements - Essay Example llying with his wife lovingly during their separation on raising a son just like his father who wanted to get rid of the suitors who harassed his life and mothers life and wifes life, Odysseus has lead the life of a Greek warrior who believed that fighting wars is just a manner of appreciating the powers given to man by the gods and a way of showing himself that he lead the life of a decent man who showed perfect control of his lifes wisdom of existence and mentality, although the gods did not appreciate his believing that he had won the wards because he was fit to and not because he was backed up by the gods. The adventure is a way of saying to him that giving up in front of unjust gods would lead humanity to suffering. This is the case that portrayed the adventures he went through to his home from Troy. He lived and was alone for the rest of the journey since he left the oceans which killed his friends and warriors at sea by sea monsters, Odysseus grows to appreciate his life more throughout the journey as he knows that his wife and son are awaiting him, which is a way of believing in the reason to exist and appreciate ones own intellectual powers to face his own fate even if it means standing up in front of gods who do not appreciate mans believing in himself and his own freely willed powers of himself which are given to him by them and that they had nothing to do with his victories. Odysseus proves throughout the journey that madness is not in going to hell to ask for directions to find his way homewards with a sacrificial goat for the dead but in not taking such a step to free men who had nothing to do with the fate he had been put in but because of a personal opinion he has given which has put him in the fate and put others fates in his hands. He was given the position of a god deciding in front and against gods of what hed do with his wisdom to free or kill his companions and end his treasured memory of life with his wife and child before going to war wh ich

Crisis Management unit 2 Complete Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Crisis Management unit 2 Complete - Case Study Example BP also lacked proper mechanism in terms of the procedure and interpretation of the results for the negative pressure tests and hence even when they detected the pressure on the drill pipes, they assumed it was false negative and the presence of pressure indicated there was a leak and the seal had not been well secured. This eventually fueled the fire which led to casualties and the spill of crude oil in the Gulf of Mexico and ultimate loss to the BP Company, the Cameron International, Transocean and the government (Crandall, Parnell and Spillan, 2009). The latest news about the BP explosion is that The BP engineer who was overseeing the safety and all other activities in the oil rig will be the first to be prosecuted and he will be taking the blame for the accident (Thompson and Galofaro, 2013). This is scapegoating as the accident was created by the neglect of several people and not only the engineer. The management should also be charged as being solely responsible as well and not take the engineer as a sacrificial lamb in the accident that not only cause massive damage but deaths as well. The Deepwater Horizon accident was associated more with faulty process safety culture than with cost cutting. BP had used a lot of money in the process and due to fall back in the schedule, had incurred an additional $58 million not budgeted for. This however is not the reason that caused the accident. As explained in the summary above, BP overlooked some of the safety procedures required to seal of the BOP in order to ensure no gas leaks that could easily be ignited and cause a fire. The BOP had earlier on (a few weeks before) been slightly damaged but no action for repair or even mere inspection was carried out once funny and suspicious rubber pieces were found in the oil. They also overlooked the fact that in order to completely seal the BOP, they had to use 21 centralizers. They had only six and instead of waiting for the rest to arrive, they decided to use those six. During the negative pressure test, when they discovered pressure being released, they termed it as a false negative pressure reading and the pressure seeped with the gas through the not completely sealed BOP and it was ignited causing the fire and the complete destruction of BOP which was slightly destroyed hence causing the oil spill. The strategy BP undertook of ignoring the safety precautions and instructions standards set and the management providing instructions that overlooked the danger is what led to the crisis. On realization of the looming crisis whose signs were eminent for all to see, BP would have formed a crisis team to handle the situation but nothing of the sort was done. Since the management had the power, authority and mandate to make final decisions concerning the running of the whole process, their word concerning the crisis was final and their decision carried out. Their neglectful and rush decisions are what majorly contributed to the accident. The first of the steps is to appoint and empower a safety precaution and investigation team which would be mandated to carry out safety checks as regularly as possible. Next would be to work hand in hand with the employees opening up direct communication with them so that in case of any faults in the rig or any other

Causes of Software Project Failure

Causes of Software Project Failure All successful software projects start with the premise that the end result will be successful. The owner of the project initial goal is to deliver on time and on budget. Although these are the primary focus when the project begins, yet is it not more important that the project deliver tangible business and consumer results? A project manager must take both the customer and the project into consideration when performing a software project. Time, thought and much consideration (focus) must be the aim of the project from beginning until completion of the software project. These are primary keys to a projects success. There are many keys that ensure the success of a project many will become familiar to the reader throughout the reading of this paper. Business drivers such as problems or opportunities that maybe encountered in the beginning and throughout the completion of the project are criteria used to measure the benefits of the project. These drivers should be the primary focus when scoping the project and setting the goals of the project. All projects begin with goals in the order of priority directly related to and supported by the business goals. Target goals are put into place to ensure the project meets the specified time and does not deviate more than those allowable in project plan. The customer and the project planner must be in complete agreement on the goal and anticipation of the project before the project begins. An understanding of what the customer expects the success of the project to look like and what measurements will be considered to determine the desired outcome of the project to the customers satisfactions are critical points when the project is started. These issues should be easily understood by all concerned. A successful project must first be defined. Question, how do we define the success of a software project? We could begin by looking at meeting desired cost, schedule, and scope objectives. Was the projects completion date met? Was it within budget guidelines and did it meet the desired specifications? Software project success has often been defined in ways that are measured the day the project was finished. This is not always the case. Some projects exceed the specified date originally set forth at the forefront of the project. This does not mean that the project was a failure because of the time constraints. Many projects require more testing than was originally set forth at the start of the project or more funds that are necessary to ensure the project is a success. One example is the Sydney Opera House (Duncan, W.R.), that cost sixteen times as much to build and took four times as long to complete as the original estimates. Although thought to be a project management disaster ending up producing an enduring and inspiring civic symbol. Would this constitute as a project failure? Project success depends on a combination of product success and project management success. Many project owners define the success of the project by the time of completion. If the project was completed in the specified time it was a success. Ask yourself this question; if the project was completed early or a day or two late with all specifications met did you have a success software project? Or if it was completed on time with continual adjustments after completion, is this a successful project? A project must follow a completion milestone that should allow for each step of the project to fall within specification. All software project should include modification allowances that provide for added research should the project require it. Literature Review Software failure can be defined as the occurrence of either deficient functionality, where the program fails to perform a required function, or deficient performance, where the program performs a required function too slow or in an insufficient manner. (Rutgers Computer Technology Law Journal. Perlman, Daniel T., 1998) We live in a society that depends extensively on computers to accomplish our everyday needs; everything from monitoring patients in hospitals to monitoring our national defense depends primarily on computer software not failing. Bearing in mind their fundamental need for computers to function properly, software project failure rates are among the highest across all industries, however the number of statistical reports analyzing those Failure are lesser then one would expect. This literature review provides an overview of general literature available on this subject, the main of objectives of the evaluation are to establish why software projects fail and the main reasons a project may fail along with what lessons can be learned   to improve software developments in order for them to success in the future. The subject of Software Project Failures is full of books, and papers that  stress Why Software Projects Fail, most of them share numerous characteristics ranging from failure due to incomplete requirements to failure due to an incompetent project manager.   Among the studies examining these failures is the 2009 Standish Group CHAOS Report. The report is a collection of data on project failures in the software industry. Its main goal is to make the industry effective and productive and to illustrate ways to improve its success rates and increase the value of the software investments. Their most recent results were published in April, 2009. The introductory statement in CHAOS Report reads: The Roman bridges of antiquity were very inefficient structures. By modern standards, they used too much stone, and as a result, far too much labor to build. Over the years we have learned to build bridges more efficiently, using few materials and less labor to perform the same task. Tom Clancy (The Sum of All Fears) (The Standish Group, 2009) With use of this quote the CHAOS Report suggests that software developers should adopt bridge builders approach of learning from past mistakes. The report explains that the difference between software failures and bridge failures is that when a bridge fails it is investigated and a report is written on the cause of the failure whereas when a software fails the failures are covered up, ignored, and/or rationalized. As a result, we keep making the same mistakes over and over again. (The Standish Group, 2009) The Standish Group investigated the failure and success rates along with the reasons for success and failure. Their study surveyed four focus groups with IT executives of major companies. The attendees represented a wide variety of industries, including insurance, state and federal government, retail, banking, securities, manufacturing and service. Three distinct outcomes, called Resolutions, were what the subsequent report divides projects into. Project Resolution Types 1 (Success), 2 (Challenged), and 3 (Impaired). Resolution Type 1 was when a project was a success; it was completed on time and on budget, with all the functionalities and features intact.   The projects that fell in this category only amounted to 16.2%.  Resolution Type 2 was when a project was completed, however it was over budget or over time, and missing some or all of the functionalities and features that were originally requested.   52.7% of all studied projects fell into the Resolution Type 2 category. R esolution Type 3 were projects that were abandoned at some point during the development cycle, consequently becoming total losses.   A staggering 31.1% of all the projects studied fell into this category.   The Standish Group further divided these results by large, medium and small establishments. A large establishment was one with greater than $500 million dollars in revenue per year, a medium was defined as having $200 million to $500 million in yearly revenue, and a small was from $100 million to $200 million. However the statistics for failure were equally discouraging in companies of all sizes. The most important aspect of the research is discovering why projects fail. The report isolated that the top five factors found in successful projects were: user involvement, executive management support, clear statement of requirements, proper planning, and realistic expectations. These indicators were extracted from surveyed IT executive managers of their opinions about why projects succeed. Project Success Factors % of Responses 1. User Involvement 15.90% 2. Executive Management Support 13.90% 3. Clear Statement of Requirements 13.00% 4. Proper Planning 9.60% 5. Realistic Expectations 8.20% 6. Smaller Project Milestones 7.70% 7. Competent Staff 7.20% 8. Ownership 5.30% 9. Clear Vision Objectives 2.90% 10. Hard-Working, Focused Staff 2.40% Other 13.90% The top factors found in Challenged projects were: lack of user input, incomplete requirements and specifications, changing requirements and specifications, lack of executive support, and technical incompetence. The list of top indicators factors found in Failed projects were: incomplete requirements, lack of user involvement, lack of resources, unrealistic expectations, lace of executive support, changing requirements and specifications, lack of planning, didnt need it any longer, lack of IT management, and technical illiteracy. Project Challenged Factors % of Responses 1. Lack of User Input 12.80% 2. Incomplete Requirements Specifications 12.30% 3. Changing Requirements Specifications 11.80% 4. Lack of Executive Support 7.50% 5. Technology Incompetence 7.00% 6. Lack of Resources 6.40% 7. Unrealistic Expectations 5.90% 8. Unclear Objectives 5.30% 9. Unrealistic Time Frames 4.30% 10. New Technology 3.70% Other 23.00% The Standish group report conclude that projects succeed because of: executive support, user involvement, experience project manager, clear business objectives, minimized scope, standard software infrastructure, firm basic requirements, formal methodology, and reliable estimates. The main causes of IT project failure were: lack of clear link between the project and the organizations key strategic priorities, including agreed measures of success; lack of clear senior management and Official ownership and leadership; lack of sufficient data; lack of effective engagement with stakeholders; lack of skills and proven approach to project management and risk management; along with lack of effective project team integration between clients, the supplier team and the supply chain. Causes of failure could also be the result of the problem not being properly defined: they may have developed the right solution to the wrong problem. This is best addressed by trying to understand the reason for do ing the job. The CHAOS Report does have its own shortcomings. Its measures of success are relatively narrow; it only measures success by examining whether a project was completed on time and on budget. The Standish group does not include measures of quality, risk, and customer satisfaction. Nevertheless, the CHAOS Report endures as an important measure for the software despite limited standards of measurement and limiting sources to interviews with executives. There are several other studies on statistics over IT project failure rates which mainly concur with the overall picture of the IT industry that the CHAOS Report provides. In 1997, a study conducted by KPMG Canada, reviewed 176 projects. Their findings determined that over 60% of projects failed to meet their sponsors expectations. A staggering 75% missed their deadline by 30% or more, and over half substantially exceeded their budgets. The main causes for project failure that were identified were: poor project planning, specifically, inadequate risk management and a weak project plan; weak business case; and lack of top management involvement and support. In September 2000, the Gartner Group surveyed 1375 respondents through interviews. (Gardner, 2010) The study indicated that roughly 40 percent of all IT projects fail to meet business requirements. In a more recent survey, the Aberdeen Group claimed 90 percent of projects came in late, while 30 percent were simply cancelled before the deadline. (Booth, R., 2000) According to Tom Carlos in his article Reasons Why Projects Fail gather major reasons   ranging from simple to complex project, The most common reasons for failure   found in the list include :      Poorly managed    Inadequate or vague requirements    Undefined objectives and goals    Lack of management commitment    Poorly defined roles and responsibilities    Stakeholder conflict    Team weaknesses    Lack of user input    Scope creep No change control process Meeting end user expectations    Poor communication    Lack of a solid project plan    Lack of organisational support    Centralised proactive management    initiatives to combat project risk    Enterprise management of budget resources    Provides universal templates and documentation    Unrealistic timeframes and tasks    Competing priorities    Poor communication    Insufficient resources (funding and personnel) Business politics    Overruns of schedule and cost    Estimates for cost and schedule are erroneous    Lack of prioritisation and project portfolio management    Scope creep No change control process Meeting end user expectations    Ignoring project warning signs    Inadequate testing processes    Bad decisions The first 10 failure in the list focus strictly on software requirements where in the requirements are defined user input, stakeholders, communication. Data and Hypotheses When we look at the success or failure of a software project we must also analyze other areas that can have an impact on the project. A review of the Business Analysis Benchmark gives the project owner and the customer a clear understanding of the organizations maturity in requirements definition and with management expectation of the project outcome. (IAG Consulting. Ellis, E., 2009) Findings in this analysis showed that requirements maturity has a strong positive correlation to every major measure of development efficiency assessed. It can be a strong motivator in the success of the project. Based upon time performance, budget performance, function performance, each can be a fundamental point in project success when there is an increase in these areas. The project owner must have a clear vision/goal to prepare for success. Failure can become apparent in many ways, i.e. changing the vision in the middle of the project, disputes on the primary focus, expectations that are beyond proj ect scope, unreliable or not enough resources to maintain project direction and possibly the most valuable to the success of the project is good leadership. An article titled, If Software Quality is so Important, Why is it So Often Neglected? (Sassenburg, H., 2006), a great title for this literature review research. This article further explores the Standish Groups CHAOS Report with a great quote, Software Crisis has not yet reached the turning point. It gives the reader a good statistical percentage, Only 28% of software projects succeed these days, down from 34% a year or two ago. Outright failures [projects cancelled before completion] are up from 15% to 18%. The remaining 51% of software projects are seriously late, over budget and lacking features previously expected. As the study reviews this article a discovery is made based upon the research that includes how the cost is distributed. The designer allows certain percentages for each area of the project phase. In the analyze s egment of the project it is projected that 10% will be utilized. Design phase will encompass about 15% while the realization and testing will average the remaining percentage. Many projects exceed the budgeted percentage and allotted funds will be taken from one phase and move over to the phase in need. This can at times cause the project to slow in progress or be placed in a temporary state or even placed on hold. The end or mid-result can be the determinant of a number of factors that are evaluated to determine how to complete a software project. The CHAOS Report gives unique information regarding how much is spent on IT application development, $250 billion each year on IT application development which equates to approximately 175,000 projects. A large company can spend anywhere from $2,322,000 to develop a project. Medium companies can spend $1,331,000 and a small company can even spend $434,000 to develop a software project. It has also been determined that many of these projec ts regardless the cost will fail. Hence CHAOS, therefore no longer can one speak the three monkeys, hear no failure, see no failure, speak no failure. In the article, Project Management Practices: The Criteria for Success or Failure, (OW, S. H., Harzadeh, I.) list the top four factors that contribute to a projects success are, user involvement, executive management support, clear statement of requirements and proper planning. This article also explores how a project fails; the main reason for failure is listed as, the inabilities of project owners to plan and estimate correctly, or fail to implement the tasks according to plan or simply failure causes by human factor. The Standish Group has estimated that American companies spend at least $81 billion for cancelled software projects. Also, that another $59 million to complete a project that has exceeded budgeted plans. It has been estimated that only 16.2% of software projects were completed on time and on budget. Only 9% of this estimation is for larger companies that have a successful project finished on time and on budget. On occasion these are simply a fraction of the original requirements. Scary? On another scale, Smaller companies do much better. A total of 78.4% of their software projects will get deployed with at least 74.2% of their original features and functions. The study determined that the most projects, 37.1% were impaired and subsequently cancelled in medium companies, compared to 29.5% in large companies and 21.6% in small companies. Many software project failures are due to cost and time overruns which result in the restart of the project. These causes the project to go over budget and exceed time requirements set forth in the original software project plan. With the three major elements for a project in place, (user involvement, executive management support, and a clear statement of requirements), there is a much greater chance that the project will be a success. Without these three elements the chance for failure increases. In the project management scorecard there are several surveys in which to score whether the project is a success or a failure. A survey list reasons most people give, regardless the type of business for failed or poorly managed Projects. This score card also list the cost of a failed project when poorly managed. A n article in the datacenter journal, facing IT Project Failures, explains that the failure of an IT project as others discoveries disclose, can simply mean that the project has gone over budget by a certain percentage, that completion of the project was delayed beyond a certain point or that the business failed to reap a certain return on investment from its project. The CHAOS report indicates that project success rates have increased to 34 percent of all projects. This percent is 100% more from the success rate found in the first study in 1994. A decline in project failure to 15% of all projects is a great improvement over the 31% failure rate reported in 1994. In this current survey a total of 51% of all projects were over the specified time required, over budget or lacking features and requirements.

“What’s Your Color?” a Study on Color Preferences

â€Å"What’s your Color? † A Study on Color Preferences A Research Paper Presented to the Languages Department Of the College of Science, University of Santo Tomas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course Academic Writing Group No. 3 1st Semester, SY 2011-2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study2 Statement of the Problem2 Significance of the Study2 Scope and Limitations2 Materials and Methods2 Definition of Terms2 2 DISCUSSION Colors2 Background (Definition of Colors)3 Perception and Sensation3 Theory of Colors3 Psychology of Colors2 Research History on Color Preferences2 Color Preference By Gender3 Color Preference By Age3 Possible Factors Affecting Color Preferences3 3 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary2 Conclusions2 Recommendations2 REFERENCES2 Chapter I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Conventions of society on color preferences, whether on age or gender, are nothing but stereotypes. The traditional adage of â€Å"pink is for girls while blue is for boys† may be proven wrong. About 80% of the information which is incorporated through the senses is visual and it influences an individual’s everyday decisions. Individuals use color in choosing certain objects such as identification and selection of different kinds of food and drink, toys or cars and dresses. Colors also influence object preference in many situations, like a color of a house, clothes and furniture. However, color does more than just give objective information about the world, for it also affects an individual’s feelings. It possibly may dictate a person’s moods and emotions, perceptions, likes and dislikes. Such influence by a certain color is an important center of research in color psychology, which is called color preference. Color preference is the tendency of an individual or a group to  prefer  some  colors  over others or a strong inclination that results from identification with a certain or favorite color. People are affected by different color stimuli and it varies from person to person. However, color does more than just give us objective information about our world; it affects how we feel. A preference for a specific color can be related to how a person may or want to feel in any situation and even how it may be the basis to remember certain experiences. Many investigations have indicated that children and adults, depending n the gender and age, have differences in preferences for colors. A study done by Eysenck (1941) found that there was a relationship between gender and color and that people have a general preference for color. According to Ellis & Ficek (2001), females and males tended to be somehow divided in preferring both green and blue and said that it may be affected in taking t he view of neuroscience. On the other hand, Davis, Pitchford & Seerif (2009) found out that color preferences emerged with age and that perception of color was shown to have a mediating role in determining a color preference. Additionally, children prefer colors they find to be pleasant and comforting and it can be changed and can vary while adult color preference is usually non-malleable. Although with these researches, color psychology received minimal attention to research probably because of the inevitable ‘instability’ of the results that may vary in different researchers in the past decades. This instability is mostly due to the unpredictability of the color’s variables, making it difficult to come about with results that will lead to a concrete conclusion (Child, Hansen, & Hornbeck, 1968). Another problem is that there is no known direct cause of why and how an individual develops the certain attachment to a specific color, which brings the researchers to assumptions rather than backed by empirical evidences. With these in mind, color preference now holds a huge impact in a person’s everyday life for it can be found basis on how people will act in certain situations and is not just brought about by what parents or peers have taught to an individual to like. Moreover, the need for a new research on the issue is a priority because even some of this research’s credible references are decades old. This paper now aims to determine what these specific color preferences are, its occurrence over time, its societal effects on an individual and its psychological cause, bases and changes. B. Statement of the Problem This study aims to answer the following questions: 1. What colors are preferred by male and female individuals? 2. What changes in preference occur over time or as they age? 3. What are the psychological and societal causes and bases of the preferences and changes that happen? C. Significance of the Study Developmental Psychologists. Psychologists, from the field of Developmental Psychology, are concerned with the nature of human development or change in the cognitive, social, emotional, behavioral and physical aspects throughout the life span and this study will help them understand the role of color preference as a building block in development. Consumer Psychologists. Psychologists, from the field of consumerism, study people’s emotional, cognitive and behavioral responses to a wide variety of stimuli (advertisements, packaging, products, etc. and this study will help them understand how color preference plays an important role in the selection of a product based on its appearance. Future Researchers. Because this study has received minimal attention in the past decades to contribute to the growth of this discipline, this will help future researchers solve why people have color preferences and to improve this study. They are also heeded to develop researches based on how these preferences will affect th e person’s behavior. D. Scope and Limitations This study focuses on the color preferences of an individual based on their age and gender. This will also concentrate on the possible cause and effect and relations between the two, the psychological implications and societal effects to the preferences. Because this research is not empirical, this study will no longer conduct interviews and surveys to the population. Moreover, this will not discuss any behavioral outcomes due to a person’s color preference. This study attempts to discuss the causes to take such preference. E. Materials and Methods This research employs a Descriptive Method since the researchers aim to escribe and to discuss color preferences based on an individual’s gender, age, their possible relations with each other and the psychological explanations causing the phenomenon. This method is defined as â€Å"a process of gathering, analyzing, classifying and tabulating about prevailing conditions, trends, processes†¦ and then making adequate interpretation about such data†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Calderon & Sanchez, 1995). With this, Descriptive Method is believed necessary for the study. Different reference materials containing data relevant to the research was gathered such as books and journal articles from scholarly periodicals and online sources. F. Definition of Terms For a common frame of reference, the following terms are operationally and conceptually defined. Color Preference. This refers to the tendency of an individual to be inclined to one specific color. Color Psychology. This refers to the application of the study of psychology into sensation and perception of colors. Hue. This refers to the description of color we readily experience when we look at color. (Briggs, n. d. ) Perception. This refers to the brain’s interpretation of a received sensation. Psychology. This refers to the scientific study of the overt and covert processes of the mind. Saturation. This refers to the dominance of hue in a color. (Briggs, n. d. ) Sensation. This refers to the stimuli received by the main senses of the body. Value. This refers to the linear axis running through the middle of a color wheel. (Briggs, n. d. ) Chapter 2 DISCUSSION Colors A. Definition of Color Color studies began with the interaction of light and color because without light a person cannot observe a color, shape, or space. Understanding light and color was greatly aided by Isaac Newton's discovery that white light contains all visible color. A person can see colors because wavelengths of light vary; high energy light appears violet, while low energy light appears red. (Cherry, 2011) B. Perception and Sensation C. Theory of Colors Psychology of Colors Color psychology is the study of color as a factor of human behavior and consists of varied studies on color preference. Color preference is a vital aspect of an individual’s visual experience that influences a wide spectrum of human behaviors: buying cars, choosing clothes, decorating homes, and designing websites, to name but a few. When an individual reacts to colors, a number of factors may influence that reaction. A person's culture, gender, age, emotional and mental state, specific experiences, mood — as well as the appearance, combination and other properties of the colors themselves — can all affect the reaction. An individual’s experience of color is influenced by one’s personal and cultural associations. One would tend to approach or withdraw from objects based on how pleasing a color is or how others would imply meaning to it (Lescroart, 2010). Based on an interview conducted by Sohn (2010), Karen Schloss, a graduate student in psychology at the University of California, Berkeley agreed: I might like purple more than you because my sister's bedroom was purple and I had positive experiences there. My own personal preference is determined by all the entities you've encountered of that color and how much you liked them. † Color preference is also influenced by societal affiliations. Sohn (2010), â€Å"†¦ But it shows that people are generally interest ed in the subtle differences between people and what has driven that. Color provides a tool to understand why we like some things more than others. † (Sohn, 2010) While perceptions of color are somewhat subjective, there are some color effects that have universal meaning. Colors are perceived as warm or cool primarily because of long-held and universal implications. Colors in the red area of the color spectrum are known as warm colors and include red, orange and yellow. Warm colors can bring forth emotions that range from feelings of warmth and comfort to feelings of anger and hostility. Alternatively, colors on the blue side of the spectrum are called cool colors and include blue, purple and green. These colors are often described as calm, but can also bring about feelings of unhappiness or lack of interest (Cherry, 2011). Moreover, warm colors are linked with the heat of sun and fire and are generally considered as high arousal colors. On the other hand, cool colors are associated with the coolness of leaves, sea and the sky and are considered as low arousal colors (Pantone, n. d. ). Research History on Color Preferences A. Color Preferences By Gender Most researchers may have not exactly agreed to what color do individuals prefer according to their gender, but all of them said that there is significance only to a little extent. Work (2011) concluded that only blue is the favorite color for both males and females like. However, they differ in the color that genders dislike, having brown for men and orange for women. Ellis and Ficek’s (2001) conclusions almost agrees to that of Work’s, where men places Blue and Green as their top two with the women’s counterpart interchanges the two colors. Eysenck’s (1941) experiment also sees no difference between the two sexes, ranking Blue, Red and Green as the participants’ favorite colors. Early researchers also saw if color properties would have affected an individual to such preferences in colors. Eysenck pointed out that the color’s luminosity may have affected the decision, but no longer elaborated the reason, which is confusing for the researchers of this paper. Child, Hansen, and Hornbeck (1968) focused little on sex differences, but noted that males prefer cool colors while women prefers warm, appearing not later than 17 years of age. On the other hand, Work presented a more accurate explanation that may have a role in preferences. He said that men tended to be inclined toward shade colors, or those colors with black added, because it make them feel dominant and mysterious. It is the contrary for women, liking tint colors, now colors added with white, because it made them feel young and soothed. Moreover, Work said that light and dark colors are preference for both sexes, while soft colors were preferred by women, and bright by men. B. Color Preferences By Age If there is any relation between color preferences and the individual’s age, the answer would be a yes, an almost significant yes. Michaels (1924) experimented on 6 to 15 year-old boys and concluded that there is only a little importance on colors but presented a big factor on the reason of why the preference is present. While green occurred as a favorite color for six year-old boys, the remaining years turned their attentions to like blue. Michaels said: Several possibilities present themselves as means of explanation. Should we consider that at 6 years and under there is no appreciation of the aesthetic sense; or that the individual undergoes physiological changes, which mature at 7 years, bringing into development a physiological mechanism which causes to see objects in a different light? There might be some psychological basis for explanation where the individual the keener sense of perception to aid him in his judgments. Perhaps his social environment is changed at this period to allow a little freedom of action – a vital influence of an individual in general. Could it not be that the innate tendency was unable to find a field of action until properly stimulated? These are some suggestions along the lines of which one could work out a case on the evidence at hand†¦ whether the explanation is physiological or psychological (p. 82). Most researchers, however, focused on the properties of color as determinants if there are significant differences that can be found. On value, the darker category was found preferred by older individuals, opposing younger ones who likes lighter ones, as said by Lee, Gong, and Leung (2009). Meanwhile, Child, Hansen, and Hornbeck concluded that cooler colors are preferred by all ages, which is becoming prevalent as early as six, and that there is little to no significant transcendence of color preference, raising their point to the study of Burnham, Hanes, and Bartleson in 1963 as cited in their article. But they still stressed that changes may still occur because the individual may be socially-affected, which may then change his attention from the color’s saturation as a criterion to its hue. They also added that if there is change by age, the change in cognitive functions of a child to an adult is one big cause. This is affirmed by the study of Davis, Pitchford, and Seerif (2009), which in their experiment showed that adults are more in favor of desaturated and hue colors than that of saturated ones. C. Possible Factors affecting Color Preferences Except the properties of colors and cognitive functions that is earlier mentioned, this study saw no clear cause to explain everything as different researchers concluded either biologically, psychologically, or both. Ellis and Ficek presented a biological origin that it may be a neurohormonal factor that affects color preference, but not elaborated further because the evidence supporting the hypothesis is an experiment in rats and is currently in study. Another one is that color preference came about by retinal biochemistry and the way the brain processes color information, which is sensitive to some colors that is found different in sexes. Females are more sensitive to pink and, while males are more sensitive to green and blue. Lee, Gong, and Leung also noted that elders would prefer colors related to joyful events, while the younger ones would prefer those that will make them comfortable. They agree to Child, Hansen, and Hornbeck’s hypothesis that color preference may be emotionally-evoked which may be an influence of an individual’s experience with the color. Chapter 3 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS SUMMARY This paper attempted to determine the colors preferred by male and female individuals, their changes in preference in their occurrence over time and the psychological and societal causes and bases of the preferences and changes that happen. The research design used in this study is the Descriptive Method wherein data from books and journal articles from scholarly periodicals and online resources were used to answer the research questions posed. The research findings are the following: 1. The color blue is generally preferred by all individuals. Based on the color properties, both genders differ in color preference with males liking cool, bright and shady colors while females favor warm, soft and tinted colors. 2. The changes in color preference by age are not specific. Cooler colors are commonly preferred throughout the life span but changes are caused by an individual’s changing criterion, from saturation to hue. 3. Psychologically, color preference exists from an individual’s emotion, cognitive function and perception stored in memory related to the color. Society also influences color but is yet to be proven. CONCLUSION Based on the findings of this study, the researchers therefore conclude that an individual’s color preference does depend on age, gender, and the color’s properties. RECOMMENDATIONS After drawing the conclusions of the study, the researchers hereby make the following suggestions/recommendations for future researchers: 1. In conducting further research on color preferences, an Empirical Method should be used to gain more accurate and more meaningful results and data. 2. It should focus on the biological bases because only a few researchers have produced information about the biological aspects of color preferences. . It should also focus on the effects of color preferences to an individual’s behavior and inclinations to certain objects. REFERENCES Briggs, D. (n. d. ). The dimensions of color. Retrieved from http://www. huevaluechroma. com/ 012. php. Cherry, K. (n. d. ). Color psychology: How colors impact moods, feelings, and behaviors. Retrieved from http://psych ology. about. com/od/sensationandperception/colorpsych. htm. Child, I. , Hansen, J. , & Hornbeck, F. (1968). Age and sex differences in children’s color preferences. Child Development, 39(1), 237-247. doi:10. 2307/1127374. Ciccarelli, S. , & Write, J. N. 2009). Psychology (2nd ed. ). Jurong, SG: Pearson Education South Asia Pte. Ltd. Davis, E. , Pitchford, N. , & Seerif, G. (2009). Does colour preference have a role in colour term aquisition?. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(4), 993-1012 doi:10. 1348/026151008Ãâ€"399916. Ellis, L. , & Ficek, C. (2001). Color preferences according to gender and sexual orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(8), 1375-1379. doi: 10. 1016/S0191- 8869(00)00231-2. Eysenck, H. (1941). A critical and experimental study of colour preference. The American Journal of Psychology, 54(3), 385-394. doi:10. 307/1417683. Lee, W. , Leung, C. , & Gong, S. Is color preference determined by age difference?. Retrieved from http://w ww. iasdr2009. org/ap/Papers/Orally%20Presented%20Papers/Behavior/Is%20 Color%20Preference%20Affected%20by%20Age%20Difference. pdf. Lescroart, M. (2010). Favorite colors: Color preference determined by desirability of objects. Retrieved from http://www. scientificamerican. com/article. cfm? id=favorite-colors. Michaels, G. (1941). Color preference according to age. The American Journal of Psychology, 35(1), 79-87. doi:10. 2307/1127374. Munger, D. (2005). Color preference in kids and adults. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs. com/ cognitivedaily/2005/06/color_preference_in_kids_and_a. php. Pantone. (n. d. ) How does color affect us? Retrieved from http://www. pantone. com/pages/ pantone/Pantone. aspx? pg=19382&ca=29 Pinel, J. (2008). Biopsychology (7th ed. ). Jurong, SG: Pearson Education South Asia Pte. Ltd. Sohn, E. (2010). Color preference determined by experience. Retrieved from http://news. discovery. com/human/colors-preferences-evolution-style. html. Work, S. (2011). True colors – breakdown of color preferences by gender. Retrieved from http://blog. kissmetrics. com/gender-and-color/.

Compensation practices & organizations Essay

Through the use of compensation practices, organizations effort to both reward and motivate diverse types of behavior. Compensation practices comprise pay and benefits, and contemporary total compensation approaches expand the definition of compensation to comprise a variety of favorable outcomes experienced by the employee (Milkovich & Newman, 2002). As of the importance of pay to employees, compensation and benefit programs can provide as a major indicator of possible discrimination in the organization. However, pay policies can also be used to lessen discriminatory behavior and encourage diversity. Though potential race and age discrimination in compensation is a significant concern, most of the applied and research attention has been aimed at sex related issues, particularly comparable worth and pay equity (Treiman & Hartman, 1981). Organizations can lessen the negative effects of their compensation practices by auditing their policies and then, based on the results of the audits, distill their procedures to eliminate bias, and where necessary, regulate the pay of minority group members. The type of audits that organizations can engage in will correspond to the three major theories, approaches, or techniques used in significant pay discrimination. The three major approaches or types of audit are (a) an equal pay audit, (b) a pay equity audit, and (c) an analysis of across-the-board problems. Employee and Labor Relations The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 ( NLRA) specifically stated that the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) was empowered to remedy unfair labor practices by the issuance of cease and desist, and reinstatement and back pay orders, and by ordering affirmative action in effectuating the policies of the NLRA. Though the NLRB’s authority is limited by the statutory requisite that its orders should effectuate the policies of the NLRA and should be remedial, not punitive, the principle is one of governmental flexibility and authority to need affirmative acts by a party who has violated the law, so that an unlawful act is efficiently remedied. Such affirmative acts include, inter alia, the employment of individuals who were not hired or were fulfilled for discriminatory reasons, and, in cases linking unfair labor practice strikes, the reinstatement of striking employees yet where the discharge of striker replacements would be necessary. Interestingly, there is little or no evidence that the use and principle of affirmative action in the NLRA framework had any bearing on or resemblance to the use of those words in the context of favored treatment of minorities and women. For employee, performance appraisal can be conceptualized as an organized description of an individual’s job-relevant strengths and weaknesses that is their job performance. Though job performance data can be obtained either objectively (hard criteria) or judgmentally (soft criteria), the term â€Å"performance appraisal† is characteristically used in the context of, albeit not limited to, the latter. Performance evaluations can result in discriminatory outcomes via two mechanisms, (a) poor or ineffective appraisal or rating practices and (b) intentional distortion resulting from motivational and political factors. Concerning the former, two strategies have traditionally been advocated to address the problems with judgmentally based performance data: rating scale development and rater training. The results of rating scale comparisons indicate that format modification alone does not result in much improvement in performance evaluations (Woehr & Miller, 1997). Though, frame-of reference training, which emerged from the social cognitive approach to performance appraisal, appears to be quite effectual as a rater training approach to increasing the accuracy of ratings (Woehr & Huffcutt, 1994). In addition to rater training, job analysis must serve as the basis for constructing the appraisal instrument and the appraisal process so that employees are appraised only on job-related factors. Conclusion EEO and affirmative action in its classic form is mandated for companies entering into agreement with the federal agencies by executive orders 11246 and 11375. Yet the term has come to signify a much broader range of policies. Affirmative action has become a blanket term that refers to any number of active policies approved by organizations to remedy the effects of discrimination. In spite of of the multiplicity of affirmative action program types, however, the perception of affirmative action remains comparatively undifferentiated. In particular, many continue to associate affirmative action with quotas. There seems to be a widespread assumption that affirmative action is little more than favored selection based solely on demographic group membership. The objective of this paper has been to review and confer HR practices that can be used to achieve diversity in organizations. Practices pertaining to staffing and human resource development discussed in terms of reducing negative effects resultant from these practices and altering the behaviors of organizational members by these practices to lessen discrimination and increase diversity. References †¢ AARP (1993). How to recruit older workers. Washington, DC: Author. †¢ Arvey, R. D. , Gordon, M. E. , Massengill, D. P. , & Mussio, S. J. (1975).Differential dropout rates of minority job candidates due to â€Å"time lags† between selection procedures. Personnel Psychology, 28, 175-180. †¢ Avery, D. R. (2003). Reactions to diversity in recruiting advertising—Are differences Black and White? Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 672-679. †¢ Delahoussaye, M. (2001). Leadership in the 21st century. Training, 38, 50-59. †¢ Doverspike, D. , & Arthur, W. Jr. (1995). Race and sex differences in the reactions to simulated selection decisions based on affirmative action. Journal of Black Psychology, 21, 181-200.